How insulin is made using yeast Synthetic human insulin was the first golden molecule of the biotech industry and the direct result of recombinant DNA technology. Genentech Genentech, the first biotechnology company, established in Biography Herb W.
Producing rat insulin using recombinant DNA, Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert talks about his group's early success with isolating the rat insulin gene and making recombinant rat insulin. Concept Genes can be moved between species. Vats used to grow bacteria How was synthetic insulin first made? Animation Genes can be moved between species.
Extra glucose that is not used by the cells will be converted and stored as fat so it can be used to provide energy when glucose levels are too low. In addition, insulin has several other metabolic effects such as stopping the breakdown of protein and fat.
The main actions that insulin has are to allow glucose to enter cells to be used as energy and to maintain the amount of glucose found in the bloodstream within normal levels. The release of insulin is tightly regulated in healthy people in order to balance food intake and the metabolic needs of the body. This is a complex process and other hormones found in the gut and pancreas also contribute to this blood glucose regulation.
When we eat food, glucose is absorbed from our gut into the bloodstream, raising blood glucose levels. This rise in blood glucose causes insulin to be released from the pancreas so glucose can move inside the cells and be used. As glucose moves inside the cells, the amount of glucose in the bloodstream returns to normal and insulin release slows down.
Proteins in food and other hormones produced by the gut in response to food also stimulate insulin release. Hormones released in times of acute stress, such as adrenaline , stop the release of insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels to help cope with the stressful event.
Insulin works in tandem with glucagon , another hormone produced by the pancreas. While insulin's role is to lower blood sugar levels if needed, glucagon's role is to raise blood sugar levels if they fall too low. Using this system, the body ensures that the blood glucose levels remain within set limits, which allows the body to function properly.
If a person accidentally injects more insulin than required, e. This leads to abnormally low blood glucose levels called hypoglycaemia.
The body reacts to hypoglycaemia by releasing stored glucose from the liver in an attempt to bring the levels back to normal. Low glucose levels in the blood can make a person feel ill. The body mounts an initial 'fight back' response to hypoglycaemia through a specialised set of of nerves called the sympathetic nervous system.
This causes palpitations, sweating, hunger, anxiety, tremor and pale complexion that usually warn the person about the low blood glucose level so this can be treated.
However, if the initial blood glucose level is too low or if it is not treated promptly and continues to drop, the brain will be affected too because it depends almost entirely on glucose as a source of energy to function properly. This can cause dizziness, confusion, fits and even coma in severe cases. Some drugs used for people with type 2 diabetes , including sulphonylureas e.
The body responds in the same way as if excess insulin has been given by injection. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c should be checked regularly to determine your response to human insulin. Your doctor will also tell you how to check your response to human insulin by measuring your blood or urine sugar levels at home. You should always wear a diabetic identification bracelet to be sure you get proper treatment in an emergency.
Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription over-the-counter medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements.
You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies. Generic alternatives may be available. Human Insulin Injection pronounced as in' su lin.
Why is this medication prescribed? How should this medicine be used? Other uses for this medicine What special precautions should I follow? What special dietary instructions should I follow?
What should I do if I forget a dose? What side effects can this medication cause? What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication? Brand names. Other uses for this medicine.
What special precautions should I follow? Before using insulin, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to any type of insulin or any other medications. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects. If you become pregnant while using human insulin, call your doctor. Alcohol may cause a decrease in blood sugar. Ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are using human insulin.
These changes can affect your blood sugar and the amount of human insulin you may need. Be aware that hypoglycemia may affect your ability to perform tasks such as driving and ask your doctor if you need to check your blood sugar before driving or operating machinery.
This medication causes changes in your blood sugar. You should know the symptoms of low and high blood sugar and what to do if you have these symptoms. Human insulin may cause side effects.
Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: redness, swelling, and itching at the injection site changes in the feel of your skin, skin thickening fat build-up , or a little depression in the skin fat breakdown weight gain constipation Some side effects can be serious.
Human insulin overdose can occur if you use too much human insulin or if you use the right amount of human insulin but eat less than usual or exercise more than usual.
Human insulin overdose can cause hypoglycemia. If you have any symptoms of hypoglycemia, follow your doctor's instructions for what you should do if you develop hypoglycemia. Other symptoms of overdose: loss of consciousness seizures. What other information should I know?
0コメント